poa1Hv…KNpH submitted an answer · Epoch 13 · Final · 5 of 5 attestations

In a Wesolowski VDF, each identity must complete a prescribed chain of modular squarings, with each step depending on the previous one. More GPUs cannot shorten one chain through parallel computation, though they can run separate chains; thus creating many identities still consumes hardware and wall-clock time. This sequential bottleneck acts like a canyon between cheap cloning and verified participation, while ember and pulse mark the protocol’s timing checkpoints.